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TIME: Almanac 1993
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1992-09-25
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July 11, 1983A Man Who Believed in MankindR. Buckminster Fuller: 1895-1983
He was an American Original, a cranky genius and an ingenious
crank. He liked to call himself "an engineer, inventor,
mathematician, architect, cartographer, philosopher, poet,
cosmologist, comprehensive designer and choreographer." He was
also a mystical optimist who believed in the survival of mankind
against whatever odds.
Through technology, R. (for Richard) Buckminster Fuller would
say, "man can do anything he needs to do." He urged young
people to "reform the environment instead of trying to reform
man." He argued, in the face of the Malthusian theory of human
overpopulation and ultimate self-destruction, that "the entire
population of the earth could live compactly on a properly
designed Haiti and comfortably on the British Isles." He once
declared that "man has the capability through proper planning
and use of natural resources to forever feed himself and house
himself and live in workless leisure." He dreamed of mile-high
floating cities and of a Manhattan enshrouded in a gargantuan
plastic dome. But he was more than just a dreamer. When he
died of a heart attack last week at 87, while visiting his wife
at a Los Angeles hospital, "Bucky" Fuller left behind him, in
the real world, thousands of geodesic domes that are used as
theaters, auditoriums and defense facilities as well as dwelling
places.
The descendant of a distinguished New England family, Fuller was
the fifth generation of his family to go to Harvard. He was
expelled in 1914 for blowing his tuition and expense money on
a spree for the members of a Broadway chorus line. He worked
in a Canadian machinery factory, was invited back to Harvard,
was expelled for a second time, served in the Navy during World
War I and went on to study science at the Naval Academy in
Annapolis. During the 1920s he spent five years in an alcoholic
depression following the death of a four-year-old daughter. One
night in 1927, while standing on the shore of Lake Michigan, he
found himself redeemed from his thoughts of self- destruction
by a private vision. He told himself, "You do not have the
right to eliminate yourself. You belong to the universe."
Years later he explained, "I made a bargain with myself that I'd
discover the principles operative in the universe and turn them
over to my fellow men."
Then began his years of high creativity. He designed the
Dymaxion House, an easily transported structure with roofs hung
from a central mast and with outer walls of glass. He sought
to give the design to the American Institute of Architects,
which haughtily rejected all such "peas-in-the-pod-like
reproducible designs." Years later the institute gave Fuller,
who never formally studied architecture, a gold medal for his
contributions to the field. In the early 1930s he produced the
three-wheeled Dymaxion automobile, which attained 120- m.p.h.
speeds using a standard 90-m.h.p. engine. The car was never
manufactured commercially. After that, he invented the Dymaxion
map, the first to show continents on a flat surface without
distortion.
In 1947, Fuller patented the geodesic dome, which used
pyramid-shaped tetrahedrons to attain great strength without
internal supports and to cover more space with less material
than any other building ever designed. The first commercial
sale was to the Ford Motor Co. Other geodesic domes housed
DEW-line stations in the Arctic, a concert auditorium in
Honolulu and the U.S. Pavilion at Expo '67 in Montreal.
Most of Fuller's inventions, though influential, did not make
him money. But his tireless preaching in favor of "synergetic"
methods of seeking solutions to mankind's problems brought him
a wide following. During the last two decades of his life he
became a favorite of the hippies of the 1960s, the
environmentalists of the 1970s and all who chose to believe with
him that "we're at the point where humanity has the option to
make it."